BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN DAN ETIKA SEBAGAI TINJAUAN

1.      Pengertian Etika

Menurut bahasa Yunani Kuno, etika berasal dari kata ethikos yang berarti “timbul dari kebiasaan”. Etika adalah cabang utama filsafat yang mempelajari nilai atau kualitas yang menjadi studi mengenai standar dan penilaian moral. Etika mencakup analisis dan penerapan konsep seperti benar, salah, baik, buruk, dan tanggung jawab. Etika terbagi menjadi tiga bagian utama: meta-etika (studi konsep etika), etika normatif (studi penentuan nilai etika), dan etika terapan (studi penggunaan nilai-nilai etika) (id.wikipedia.org).

Kata etika, seringkali disebut pula dengan kata etik, atau ethics (bahasa Inggris), mengandung banyak pengertian.

Dari segi etimologi (asal kata), istilah etika berasal dari kata Latin “Ethicos” yang berarti kebiasaan. Dengan demikian menurut pengertian yang asli, yang dikatakan baik itu apabila sesuai dengan kebiasaan masyarakat. Kemudian lambat laun pengertian ini berubah, bahwa etika adalah suatu ilmu yang mebicarakan masalah perbuatan atau tingkah laku manusia, mana yang dapat dinilai baik dan mana yang dapat dinilai tidak baik.

Etika juga disebut ilmu normative, maka dengan sendirinya berisi ketentuan-ketentuan (norma-norma) dan nilai-nilai yang dapat digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

Dalam kamus besar bahasa Indonesia terbitan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (1988), etika dirumuskan dalam tiga arti, yaitu;
1.      Ilmu tentang apa yang baik dan apa yang buruk dan tentang hak dan kewajiban moral (akhlak).
2.      Kumpulan asas atau nilai yang berkenaan dengan akhlak.
3.      Nilai mengenai benar dan salah yang dianut suatu golongan atau masyarakat.

Contoh dari etika

Etika Pribadi. Misalnya seorang yang berhasil dibidang usaha (wiraswasta) dan menjadi seseorang yang kaya raya (jutawan). Ia disibukkan dengan usahanya sehinnga ia lupa akan diri pribadinya sebagai hamba Tuhan. Ia mempergunakan untuk keperluan-keperluan hal-hal yang tidak terpuji dimata masyarakat (mabuk-mabukan, suka mengganggu ketentraman keluarga orang lain). Dari segi usaha ia memang berhasil mengembangkan usahanya sehinnga ia menjadi jutawan, tetapi ia tidak berhasil dalam emngembangkan etika pribadinya.

Etika Sosial. Misalnya seorang pejabat pemerintah (Negara) dipercaya untuk mengelola uang negara. Uang milik Negara berasal dari rakyat dan untuk rakyat. Pejabat tersebut ternyata melakukan penggelapan uang Negara utnuk kepentingan pribadinya, dan tidak dapat mempertanggungjawabkan uang yang dipakainya itu kepada pemerintah. Perbuatan pejabat tersebut adalah perbuatan yang merusak etika social.

Etika moral berkenaan dengan kebiasaan berperilaku yang baik dan benar berdasarkan kodrat manusia. Apabila etika ini dilanggar timbullah kejahatan, yaitu perbuatan yang tidak baik dan tidak benar. Kebiasaan ini berasal dari kodrat manusia yang disebut moral.

Contoh etika moral:

·         berkata dan berbuat jujur

·         menghargai hak orang lain

·          menghormati orangtua dan guru

·          membela kebenaran dan keadilan

·          menyantuni anak yatim/piatu

2. PRINSIP - PRINSIP ETIKA BISNIS

Etika bisnis memiliki prinsip-prinsip yang harus ditempuh perusahaan oleh perusahaan untuk mencapai tujuannya dan harus dijadikan pedoman agar memiliki standar baku yang mencegah timbulnya ketimpangan dalam memandang etika moral sebagai standar kerja atau operasi perusahaan. Muslich (1998: 31-33) mengemukakan prinsip-prinsip etika bisnis sebagai berikut:

Prinsip otonomi
Prinsip otonomi adalah sikap dan kemampuan manusia untuk mengambil keputusan dan bertindak berdasarkan kesadarannya tentang apa yang dianggapnya baik untuk dilakukan. Atau mengandung arti bahwa perusahaan secara bebas memiliki wewenang sesuai dengan bidang yang dilakukan dan pelaksanaannya dengan visi dan misi yang dimilikinya. Kebijakan yang diambil perusahaan harus diarahkan untuk pengembangan visi dan misi perusahaan yang berorientasi pada kemakmuran dan kesejahteraan karyawan dan komunitasnya.

Prinsip kejujuran
Kejujuran merupakan nilai yang paling mendasar dalam mendukung keberhasilan perusahaan. Kejujuran harus diarahkan pada semua pihak, baik internal maupun eksternal perusahaan. Jika prinsip kejujuran ini dapat dipegang teguh oleh perusahaan, maka akan dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan dari lingkungan perusahaan tersebut.Terdapat tiga lingkup kegiatan bisnis yang bisa ditunjukkan secara jelas bahwa bisnis tidak akan bisa bertahan lama dan berhasil kalau tidak didasarkan atas kejujuran. Pertama, jujur dalam pemenuhan syarat-syarat perjanjian dan kontrak. Kedua, kejujuran dalam penawaran barang atau jasa dengan mutu dan harga yang sebanding. Ketiga, jujur dalam hubungan kerja intern dalam suatu perusahaan.

Prinsip tidak berniat jahat
Prinsip ini ada hubungan erat dengan prinsip kejujuran. Penerapan prinsip kejujuran yang ketat akan mampu meredam niat jahat perusahaan itu.

Prinsip keadilan Perusahaan harus bersikap adil kepada pihak-pihak yang terkait dengan sistem bisnis. Contohnya, upah yang adil kepada karywan sesuai kontribusinya, pelayanan yang sama kepada konsumen, dan lain-lain,menuntut agar setiap orang diperlakukan secara sama sesuai dengan aturan yang adil dan sesuai kriteria yang rasional obyektif, serta dapat dipertanggung jawabkan.

Prinsip hormat pada diri sendiri
Perlunya menjaga citra baik perusahaan tersebut melalui prinsip kejujuran, tidak berniat jahat dan prinsip keadilan.

Von der Embse dan R.A. Wagley dalam artikelnya di Advance Managemen Jouurnal (1988), memberikan tiga pendekatan dasar dalam merumuskan tingkah laku etika bisnis, yaitu :

Utilitarian Approach : setiap tindakan harus didasarkan pada konsekuensinya. Oleh karena itu, dalam bertindak seseorang seharusnya mengikuti cara-cara yang dapat memberi manfaat sebesar-besarnya kepada masyarakat, dengan cara yang tidak membahayakan dan dengan biaya serendah-rendahnya.

Individual Rights Approach : setiap orang dalam tindakan dan kelakuannya memiliki hak dasar yang harus dihormati. Namun tindakan ataupun tingkah laku tersebut harus dihindari apabila diperkirakan akan menyebabkan terjadi benturan dengan hak orang lain.

Justice Approach : para pembuat keputusan mempunyai kedudukan yang sama, dan bertindak adil dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada pelanggan baik secara perseorangan ataupun secara kelompok.
Etika bisnis dalam perusahaan memiliki peran yang sangat penting, yaitu untuk membentuk suatu perusahaan yang kokoh dan memiliki daya saing yang tinggi serta mempunyai kemampuan menciptakan nilai (value-creation) yang tinggi, diperlukan suatu landasan yang kokoh.
Biasanya dimulai dari perencanaan strategis , organisasi yang baik, sistem prosedur yang transparan didukung oleh budaya perusahaan yang andal serta etika perusahaan yang dilaksanakan secara konsisten dan konsekuen.
Haruslah diyakini bahwa pada dasarnya praktek etika bisnis akan selalu menguntungkan perusahaan baik untuk jangka menengah maupun jangka panjang, karena :
* Mampu mengurangi biaya akibat dicegahnya kemungkinan terjadinya friksi, baik
intern perusahaan maupun dengan eksternal.
* Mampu meningkatkan motivasi pekerja.
* Melindungi prinsip kebebasan berniaga
* Mampu meningkatkan keunggulan bersaing.
Tidak bisa dipungkiri, tindakan yang tidak etis yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan akan memancing tindakan balasan dari konsumen dan masyarakat dan akan sangat kontra .

Namun, dalam etika bisnis ada prinsip-prinsip yang dinilai Adiwarman Karim, Presiden Direktur Karim Business Consulting, seharusnya jangan dilanggar, yaitu :
* Kejujuran Banyak orang beranggapan bisnis merupakan kegiatan tipu-menipu demi
mendapat keuntungan. Ini jelas keliru. Sesungguhnya kejujuran merupakan salah satu
kunci keberhasilan berbisnis. Bahkan, termasuk unsur penting untuk bertahan di
tengah persaingan bisnis.
* Keadilan - Perlakukan setiap orang sesuai haknya. Misalnya, berikan upah kepada
karyawan sesuai standar serta jangan pelit memberi bonus saat perusahaan
mendapatkan keuntungan lebih. Terapkan juga keadilan saat menentukan harga,misalnya
dengan tidak mengambil untung yang merugikan konsumen.
* Rendah Hati - Jangan lakukan bisnis dengan kesombongan. Misalnya, dalam
mempromosikan produk dengan cara berlebihan, apalagi sampai menjatuhkan produk
bersaing, entah melalui gambar maupun tulisan. Pada akhirnya, konsumen memiliki
kemampuan untuk melakukan penilaian atas kredibilitas sebuah poduk/jasa. Apalagi,
tidak sedikit masyarakat yang percaya bahwa sesuatu yang terlihat atau terdengar
terlalu sempurna, pada kenyataannya justru sering kali terbukti buruk.
* Simpatik - Kelola emosi. Tampilkan wajah ramah dan simpatik. Bukan hanya di depan
klien atau konsumen anda, tetapi juga di hadapan orang-orang yang mendukung bisnis
anda, seperti karyawan, sekretaris dan lain-lain.
* Kecerdasan - Diperlukan kecerdasan atau kepandaian untuk menjalankan strategi
bisnis sesuai dengan ketentuan-ketentuan yang berlaku, sehingga menghasilkan
keuntungan yang memadai. Dengan kecerdasan pula seorang pebisnis mampu mewaspadai
dan menghindari berbagai macam bentuk kejahatan non-etis yang mungkin dilancarkan
oleh lawan-lawan bisnisnya.
* Lakukan dengan cara yang baik, lebih baik atau dipandang baik Sebagai pebisnis,
anda jangan mematok diri pada aturan-aturan yang berlaku. Perhatikan juga norma,
budaya atau agama di tempat anda membuka bisnis. Suatu cara yang dianggap baik di
suatu Negara atau daerah, belum tentu cocok dan sesuai untuk di terapkan di Negara
atau daerah lain. Hal ini penting kalau ingin usaha berjalan tanpa ada gangguan.

3. Basis teori Etika

a.  Etika Teleologi

            dari kata Yunani,  telos = tujuan, 

            Mengukur baik buruknya suatu tindakan berdasarkan tujuan yang mau dicapai dengan tindakan itu, atau berdasarkan akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh tindakan itu.

            Dua aliran etika teleologi :

 - Egoisme Etis

 - Utilitarianisme

* Egoisme Etis

Inti pandangan egoisme adalah bahwa tindakan dari setiap orang pada dasarnya bertujuan untuk mengejar pribadi dan memajukan dirinya sendiri.

Satu-satunya tujuan tindakan moral setiap orang adalah mengejar kepentingan pribadi dan memajukan dirinya.

Egoisme ini baru menjadi persoalan serius ketika ia cenderung menjadihedonistis, yaitu ketika kebahagiaan dan kepentingan pribadi diterjemahkan semata-mata sebagai kenikmatan fisik yg bersifat vulgar.

* Utilitarianisme

berasal dari bahasa latin utilis yang berarti “bermanfaat”.

Menurut teori ini suatu perbuatan adalah baik jika membawa manfaat, tapi manfaat itu harus menyangkut bukan saja  satu dua orang melainkan masyarakat sebagai keseluruhan.

Dalam rangka pemikiran utilitarianisme, kriteria untuk menentukan baik buruknya suatu perbuatan adalah “the greatest happiness of the greatest number”, kebahagiaan terbesar dari jumlah orang yang terbesar.

b. Deontologi

Istilah deontologi berasal dari kata  Yunani ‘deon’ yang berarti kewajiban.

‘Mengapa perbuatan ini baik dan perbuatan itu harus ditolak sebagai buruk’, deontologi menjawab : ‘karena perbuatan pertama menjadi kewajiban  kita dan karena perbuatan kedua dilarang’.

Yang menjadi dasar baik buruknya perbuatan adalah kewajiban.

Pendekatan deontologi sudah diterima dalam konteks agama, sekarang merupakan juga salah satu teori etika yang terpenting.

c. Teori Hak

Dalam pemikiran moral dewasa ini barangkali teori hak ini adalah pendekatan yang paling banyak dipakai untuk mengevaluasi  baik buruknya  suatu perbuatan atau perilaku.

Teori Hak merupakan suatu aspek  dari teori deontologi, karena berkaitan dengan kewajiban. Hak dan kewajiban bagaikan dua sisi uang logam yang sama.

Hak didasarkan atas martabat manusia dan martabat semua manusia itu sama. Karena itu hak sangat cocok dengan suasana pemikiran demokratis.

.

d. Teori Keutamaan (Virtue)

memandang  sikap atau akhlak seseorang.

Tidak ditanyakan apakah suatu perbuatan tertentu adil, atau jujur, atau murah hati dan sebagainya.

Keutamaan bisa didefinisikan  sebagai berikut : disposisi watak  yang telah diperoleh  seseorang dan memungkinkan  dia untuk bertingkah laku baik secara moral.

Contoh keutamaan :

a.     Kebijaksanaan

b.    Keadilan

c.     Suka bekerja keras

d.    Hidup yang baik

4. Egoisme

Egoisme merupakan motivasi untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan pandangan yang hanya menguntungkan diri sendiri. Egoisme berarti menempatkan diri di tengah satu tujuan serta tidak peduli dengan penderitaan orang lain, termasuk yang dicintainya atau yang dianggap sebagai teman dekat. Istilah lainnya adalah "egois". Lawan dari egoisme adalah altruisme.

Hal ini berkaitan erat dengan narsisme, atau "mencintai diri sendiri," dan kecenderungan mungkin untuk berbicara atau menulis tentang diri sendiri dengan rasa sombong dan panjang lebar. Egoisme dapat hidup berdampingan dengan kepentingannya sendiri, bahkan pada saat penolakan orang lain. Sombong adalah sifat yang menggambarkan karakter seseorang yang bertindak untuk memperoleh nilai dalam jumlah yang lebih banyak daripada yang ia memberikan kepada orang lain. Egoisme sering dilakukan dengan memanfaatkan altruisme, irasionalitas dan kebodohan orang lain, serta memanfaatkan kekuatan diri sendiri dan / atau kecerdikan untuk menipu.

Egoisme berbeda dari altruisme, atau bertindak untuk mendapatkan nilai kurang dari yang diberikan, dan egoisme, keyakinan bahwa nilai-nilai lebih didapatkan dari yang boleh diberikan. Berbagai bentuk "egoisme empiris" bisa sama dengan egoisme, selama nilai manfaat individu diri sendirinya masih dianggap sempurna.

Sumber :

http://af008.wordpress.com/etika-etiket-dan-moral/

REFERENSI :
* http://rosicute.wordpress.com/2010/11/24/prinsip-prinsip-etika-bisnis
* http://faii99.blogspot.com/2009/11/prinsip-prinsip-etika-bisnis.html
* http://gakmesti.wordpress.com/tag/prinsip-etika-bisnis

 http://arif2511.blogspot.com/2011/10/etika-sebagai-tujuan.html

What is the TOEIC and TOEFL test it? and how important? so often institutions or schools implement the guidance of the TOEFL test?

TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language)

TOEFL Test is a test to measure how proficient we are in learning English. This test came from the United States and Canada. Almost all the students who will continue colege (college) at one university degree either majored or other must, must, have a TOEFL certificate. Almost all countries in the world to apply this test as a measure of English proficiency. Indonesia is one country that also carry it out. TOEFL certificate but not an obligation that must be wholly owned by the prospective student. TOEFL scores that ranged between <100-999. School children in Indonesia where otherwise meet the requirements of understanding English with "good enough" if it has a score above 450. This test usually takes about three hours and is organized in four parts, namely:

listening comprehension,

grammatical structure and written expression,

reading comprehension, and the

writing.

TOEFL test result value ranging from: 310 (minimum value) to 677 (maximum value) for the version of PBT (paper-based test).

Lately, the organizers also held a kind of TOEFL test TWE (Test of Written English) is the result value is separate from the TOEFL test. This test takes 30 minutes, and participants will be asked to write a short essay that describes the ability of participants to express and pour a thought or idea, and supporting ideas with examples found in everyday life with the use of English the standard.

Another type of test that is TSEP TOEFL (Test of Spoken English Program) which is similar to the individual interviews on the IELTS test. They are usually used when we want to register as a teaching assistant or laboratory assistant (as one way to offset the cost of tuition) in universias in the U.S. (or other country). Form tests conducted orally and lasts for about 20 minutes. Time of event and the deadline for registration is the same as the other TOEFL tests, and costs about U.S. $ 100. But usually if the school or institution implementing guidance by the number of participants. bianyapun be cheap. approximately 1/5 cheaper than carrying out tests directly in the center.

TOEIC (test of english as international communication)

TOEIC is a test of English proficiency such as TOEFL. TOEFL difference is outcome oriented to sign up a university in other words the need for the TOEFL English proficiency for students who attend school akn to a higher level. TOEIC test on the need to learn and improve English skills berbahsa the certificate to be obtained is used to kepentinga work. in other words TOEIC held for anyone who would sign up to work or as a requirement to register a particular job.

If interested visit

http://www.itc-indonesia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=frontpage&Itemid=2&lang=in. cost 450,000, already include an additional score report.

pay via ebanking standalone ...

testnya consist of Listening (45 Min) and Reading (75 Min)

Listening consists of the photograph, question - a response, short talk and short conversation.

Schools and institutions to conduct this test counseling usually when approaching the time for university students to register their interest. because the validity of a TOEIC or TOEFL certificate is 2 tahun.Bagaimanapun both of these tests requires good concentration and penglinghatan hearing because it would take a lot of energy. TOEIC or TOEFL tests carried out for about 2 hours without stopping.

TOEFL HISTORY

TOEFL stands for Test Of English as a Foreign language. Toefl is a test used to determine the ability of a person in berbahsa English. Toefl test started with a project that digunakana Ferguson to measure the language ability of government employees and students, and since the 1960's, the TOEFL test has been administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), an organization of international testing standards.

Toefl test test consists of reading, writing, listening and speaking. Only the first test toefl paper based test and the test computer, but since 2005, internet-based test has largely replaced the previous two tests. Time imposed for the TOEFL test as a whole about 150 minutes to Pencil and Paper Based TOEFL and approximately 240 minutes for the Computer Based TOEFL. Time for Computer Based TOEFL is relatively long because it includes procedures tutorial.

The TOEFL is a registered trademark of Educational Testing Service (ETS) and administered worldwide. This test was first administered in 1964 and has since been taken by more than 23 million students. The test was originally developed at the Center for Applied Linguistics headed by linguists, Dr. Charles A. Ferguson.

TOEFL Committee of Examiners consists of 12 specialists in linguistics, language testing, teaching or research. Its main responsibility is to advise on the content of the TOEFL test. This committee helps ensure that tests are a valid measure of English language proficiency reflecting current trends and methodologies.

Based in Washington, DC, Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL) is a nonprofit organization committed to researching the relationship between language and culture of Established in 1959, the first director of the Charles A. Ferguson (1921-1998, who had given a similar program in the Middle East and taught as a professor at Harvard University. Ferguson guided the center to develop practical solutions to apply language and literacy concerns of the international and national government. Origins One early project was to develop a test Ferguson which will measure the command language that ESL (English-as-a-Second-Language) students and government workers have. applied linguistics Ferguson and fellow researchers developed the TOEFL test during the first five years of CAL. In 1964, the first official TOEFL test taken pusat.Pembangunan Since the late 1960s, the TOEFL test has been administered by the Educational Testing Service (ETS), an organization of international testing standards. According to ETS, between 1964 and 2008, 24 million people, mostly international students, have taken the test. Introduced in 2005, internet-based test has replaced the computer-based format and paper-based, with the results of computer-based orders no longer apply in 2006.

Since 1998, the TOEFL test is conducted online using a computer (Computer-based Testing / CBT), and since 2005 called the iBT (Internet-based Test). In places that have not been able to implement CBT or iBT (because there are no computer facilities and internet network), the TOEFL exam is still conducted manually using paper and pencil (paper-based test, or PBT). More information about the test CBT and paper-based TOEFL relating to registration, venue, cost, and test preparation materials can be found on the official website of TOEFL, http://www.toefl.org (CBT version of the TOEFL test result has a value ranged from 0 to 300, while the value for the iBT is from 0 to 120) [1].

Lately, the organizers also held a kind of TOEFL test TWE (Test of Written English) is the result value is separate from the TOEFL test. This test takes 30 minutes, and participants will be asked to write a short essay that describes the ability of participants to express and pour a thought or idea, and supporting ideas with examples found in everyday life with the use of English the standard.

Another type of test that is TSEP TOEFL (Test of Spoken English Program) which is similar to the individual interviews on the IELTS test. They are usually used when we want to register as a teaching assistant or laboratory assistant (as one way to offset the cost of tuition) in universias in the U.S. (or other country). Form tests conducted orally and lasts for about 20 minutes. Time of event and the deadline for registration is the same as the other TOEFL tests, and costs about U.S. $ 100.

Personal opinion:

TOEFL stands for Test Of English as a Foreign Language. TOEFL is a standardized English language ability of a person in writing (de jure) tenure which covers four aspects: Listening, Writing and Reading.

TOEFL scoring system using the conversion of each correct answer. TOEFL scores are the highest attainable one is 670

TOEFL has two general objectives are: Academic and General. In similar fashion, the certification recommendation for the TOEFL can use both.

Academic test is used for educational purposes, research or academic-related activities abroad, or in Indonesia. To graduate, usually a minimum value is 550. whereas for S1 is 500

General is generally used for the purpose of employment, promotion or job assignment. Many companies that install standard English TOEFL employees to see the value of - his. Generally, a minimum TOEFL score is 500 for standard promotions.

Artikel

1. Rumble-Seat Stroke

Is it a stroke?

Stroke disease is a disorder of brain function due to blood flow to the brain is impaired (reduced). As a result, nutrients and oxygen to the brain dbutuhkan not met properly. Cause there are two kinds of stroke, the presence of blockages in blood vessels (thrombus), and the presence of a ruptured blood vessel.

Generally the stroke suffered by the elderly, because of the aging process causes hardening and narrowing of blood vessels (arteriosclerosis) and the fat that clogs the arteries (atherosclerosis). But some recent cases show an increase in cases of stroke that occurs in adolescence and the reproductive age (15-40 years). At this class, the leading cause of stroke is stress, drug abuse, alcohol, heredity, and an unhealthy lifestyle.

Causes of stroke

In the case of stroke adolescence, genetic factors (hereditary) is the major cause of stroke. Frequently encountered cases of stroke caused by blood vessels are fragile and easily broken, or the blood system disorders such as hemophilia and thalassemia disease is passed down from parents of patients. Meanwhile, if a family member with diabetes (diabetes), hypertension (high blood pressure), and heart disease, stroke likely to be larger in other family members.

The cause of stroke is a food with high levels of bad cholesterol (Low Density Lipoprotein) is very high. Koleserol this evil there is lots of junk food or fast food. In addition, other causes of stroke is a lazy habit of exercising and moving, lots of drinking alcohol, smoking, drug use and addictive substances, much less rest time, and prolonged stress. Rupture of blood vessels are also often caused by high blood pressure (hypertension).

Symptoms of a stroke

Early symptoms of stroke usually dizziness, head was spinning (such as vertigo disease), then followed with a speech impairment and mouth muscles. Other symptoms are tergangguanya taste sensor (can not feel anything, such as pinched or pricked needles) and the body feels paralyzed side, and the absence of reflexes. Often occur suddenly blind or blurred vision (due to the blood supply and oxygen to the eye is greatly reduced), disruption of taste in the mouth of the system and the muscles of the mouth (so often encountered people with a wry face), paralysis of the muscles of the body, and disruption system memory and emotion. Common people can not stop crying due to paralysis of the brain controls the emotions system. It makes people act like stroke sufferers of mental illness, but it's not. Things like this that need to be understood by the family of the patient.

Coment :

The healing process

There are two main healing process which must be patient. First is the healing medicine in the hospital. Strict control should be done to keep the bad cholesterol can be lowered and did not grow up. In addition, patients are also prohibited from eating foods that can trigger a stroke such as junk food and salt (can lead to hypertension).

The healing process is fisiotherapy second, namely muscles exercises to restore muscle function and communication function so that approaching its original condition. Physiotherapy Physiotherapy conducted with instructors, and patients must adhere to the exercise performed. If Physiotherapy is not seriously undertaken, then the permanent paralysis can occur in the body which had suffered paralysis.

Healing in patients with stroke varies widely. There can be healed completely (100%), some are only 50% only. Healing depends on whether or not a severe stroke, the condition of the patient's body, in obedience to the patient undergoing the process of healing, perseverance and spirit of people to heal, as well as support and understanding from all family members of patients. Often found that stroke survivors can recover, but suffered from severe depression because their families do not want to understand and feel deeply troubled by illness (such as attitudes do not accept the circumstances of the patient, the harsh treatment because they have to clean up the patient, the nurse gave the patient who also treats patients with a rough, and so on). It is to be avoided if a family member who suffered a stroke.

2. The Role of Investment in Development of National Economy

At that time the calculation and the calculation of new investment projects can be easily done because there is a high certainty and the risk of failure in trying to low. Try the low-risk is supported by a stable political climate. Security in the course of supply of goods and raw materials for industrial activities and the logistics of the company's products and finished goods can be sent easily and inexpensively in the hands of consumers.

Similarly, investment licensing system is handled centrally, so while reducing excessive bureaucratic chain. Demands of political parties and nongovernmental masyarakatpun still in the corridor that is not much interfere with the process of doing business.

Climate conditions and investment risks were then membuah positive results. Domestic firms without doubt be able to expand its business in all production lines. Interest to invest directly in real sector conducted by the business community and household industry increased sharply both in the agriculture, fisheries, mining, construction, manufacturing, heavy industry, financial services and banking, as well as in other service sectors.

The most prominent investment interest and demonstrate the improvement was a direct investment in order to get the facility of foreign investment (FDI). The presence of FDI has contributed a large part in encouraging performance of Indonesia's economic growth, encourage the emergence of local raw material supply industry, the process of technology transfer and management, as well as benefits for local investors. The most outstanding benefit is its developing mutually beneficial collaboration between foreign investors and interwoven with local businesspeople. Here we see how the components of business and industry is growing rapidly, including a variety of export-oriented business activities.

The development of direct investment dahsyad then provide various benefits and positive impact for the national and local economic development. Our national income has increased significantly so that our country can have a reserve fund for the purposes of guard in poor condition. Employment in nasionalpun can be given to a high number, where a one percent growth rate in the national economy can provide additional direct employment of 700 thousand to 800 thousand workers.

Rarely do we hear complaints from candidates for employment in urban areas are difficult to obtain employment. The unemployment rate can be reduced to a minimum. Employment provided by the presence of foreign firms and domestic export-oriented at the same time it has been felt by the white-collar workers, graduates from the graduate program and the graduates of the undergraduate program in the country. Place the location of foreign firms working sons of the nation's vast experience in their respective fields, with the introduction of modern management knowledge and recognition of global market presence. Some of the employee is then turned-entrepreneur status of being a young entrepreneur who has been encouraging the development efforts of middle-and small-scale economy.

Development of domestic entrepreneurs and foreign investment was still giving a positive contribution to increasing various tax sources and private companies that are useful in the construction area on level one and level two. Local economic development efforts around the site where the companies have tended to invest directly influence the impact of their presence. The delivery of public and social facilities can be upgraded at the same time increasing the level of local consumption of basic needs and daily necessities.

Coment :

Recording of events and cases of the above occurred several decades before the economic crisis occurred. After the crisis hit our country multidimesional conditions and developments expressed suffered a setback. The process of social and economic changes in the reform era poses a challenge and hope-harapan.Kita faced with the harsh reality of how the national economic growth engine is based on the expansion of industrial capacity was not able to grow and develop in a sustainable manner.

Many domestic companies are menggurita as a conglomerate having its decline, and even some fall on the field of action negatively affected by the economic crisis.

Lack of caution in managing the company in its external environment is changing rapidly (turbulent change) is one of the main factors of failure. Disgraceful business practices and fraud cases in the political business that smells of corruption, collusion and nepotism resulted in these companies are very vulnerable to storm crisis and turbulent environment. Pratek carelessness and improper practices have implications on improving the financial cost of rents and excessive waste.

As a result, these companies no longer possess the competitive edge in the arena to compete for market share of Indonesian products in the international economy. The position of the competitiveness of Indonesia was forced to export some products at the lowest level terkerek fall in international competitiveness rankings. We have to recognize the benefits of competitiveness of the exporting countries similar products such as China, Malaysia, India, Vietnam, and South Korea can survive and even reach out and expand their export market share. Indigenous entrepreneurs in the neighboring country to take the lead because they have been doing better business practices than what has been done by our domestic entrepreneurs. It is no wonder if at this moment they still prevail

Looking further at the experience of other countries in preparing for the coming wave of globalization we are forced to learn .example we can see with the experience of China. China has a high number of people in the world, surpassing the population diIndonesia. These countries are equally gained its independence is not much different from Indonesia. Chinapun is in the process of transformation in the socio-economic cultural revolution since the introduction of some twenty years ago.

The most important changes made by government and business circles in the country are not training while also satisfying the battle. Soon after the construction of rolling reform, the central government set a few main areas where the location bermukimnya foreign companies that were targeted development. Government and business circles in China are well aware of the meaning and role of FDI presence in support of their economic transformation process.

Decentralization of authority in the licensing business and investment were fully in the management area. Through this strategy the Chinese government has done decentralization process indirectly. Only model that they traveled over well-managed, with the possibility can diminimalisirnya red tape and political instability. Policy makers at central and local level are fully aware that requiring the presence of FDI is China and not the opposite.

Other policies that support increased investment in China is sending state employees to the state industrial plants to study the production process of products based on advanced technology and skills in research and industrial engineering. The Government recognizes the importance of FDI recipient countries to prepare skilled workers ready to use when they will invite potential foreign investors are determined to begin to realize investment plans, the central point and give full authority on some particular party to process permits in one roof. Thus unnecessary bureaucracy can be eliminated.

Policy orientation of the central and local governments are "pro" to the presence of an investment in the industrial and business locations specified later turned out to be the result. Unexpectedly inflows of foreign capital, investment and FDI to those areas with a sharp increase. Noise and increased construction of investment projects in all types of business activities and the scale of the coloring of the national economy and local economies. Unemployment rate can be reduced and there was a sharp spike and the acceleration of economic growth and household income level.

Another challenge faced by business people and potential investors in our country is how the central government, local government and communities can provide a conducive climate for investment terselengaranya. At central government level, the problem is still not clear visibility of the development strategy of industrialization. Such a strategy is needed so that the bureaucracy at the provincial government and local government districts, may unite and coordinate the mix designs for the development of its investment in the region can support the achievement of the targets of national industrialization strategy.

Local governments are also required to maintain a good business climate and not burden the business community and potential investors in the region respectively. Finally for the community, in the current era of democratization emerging lately with various excessive demands not sacrifice business climate that have been nurtured. Entrepreneurs and potential investors in any demanding comfort, security and certainty of the process of capital investment in the region. Progress and increase the production volume of the investment activities of the nominee is certain sooner or later will provide a multiplier effect on local economies and communities around the household income.

There are still many other challenges to mention individually here. Clear whether the businessman himself and the economic actors and public administration needs to make changes in perspective, the application of corporate governance and administrative governance of mutual support for the creation of the acceleration of investment in each region and locality.

Momentum accelerated investment as happened in China need to be studied and imitated, so that in turn can create more employment opportunities and benefits for wider society.

3. Effect of Sunlight to Human

The sun is essential to life. Without the sun, then there is no life on earth. The sun contributes to the process of photosynthesis in plants. In addition, the sun also acts to stimulate the body to produce vitamin D, which serves to metabolize calcium, thus forming strong bones.

Sunlight, if a little is beneficial to the body. However, excessive sun can be harmful to the skin. Even the hazard can increase with the number of rays on the skin. Why?

The sun produces radiation that reaches the earth's surface. Solar radiation is composed of infrared and visible light and ultraviolet light within a radius of A and B (UVA and UVB). Fortunately, the atmosphere absorbs cosmic rays, gamma rays and X-ray beam produced by the sun. In addition, the ozone layer in the atmosphere also inhibits ultraviolet radiation C (UVC) and filter out most of the UVA and UVB. Unfortunately, the ozone layer is being damaged at various places so that the ultraviolet radiation is often called UV increasing lately.

Ultraviolet or UV radiation can cause skin damage, even permanent skin damage including skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation (UV) can cause your skin to burn, and cause brown spots and thickening and dryness of skin. UV radiation can damage DNA, suppress immune system, and activate the chemicals in the body that can cause cancer. Other negative effects of premature aging. Even later revealed that UVA radiation penetrates the skin deeper than UVB, which can cause skin cancer, and may suppress the immune system.

Coment :

Sunlight is essential for life on earth. However, you need to consider seriously how to protect yourself from the sun. By taking steps to protect your skin from the sun will greatly reduce the possibility of damage to your skin and the development of skin cancer. Use sunscreen and protect the health of your skin so your skin still looks beautiful and fresh.

4. Blush on

When looking to make the face look more fresh or not to look pale, one thing to do is to use blush or blush on. Choice of colors and how to use blush to be adjusted to face shape, color and skin type. By applying blush or blusher properly, will give the impression of a suitable face, fresh and look beautiful.

Coment :

To be able to stick blush on much longer, you should use a blush on after using a moisturizer, foundation, pressed powder. Use a large blush brush so that the resulting color more evenly. blush can also be used after you finish with eye makeup and lips in order to blend with the shades of makeup as a whole. Do not forget to pay attention to your life and choose the expired cosmetic blush or blusher which contains a safe for the face.

5. Indonesia Economic Policy And The challenge

Keynes originally faced a situation that is a state of depression in Europe and America. There are no factories, skilled labor and skilled existing production infrastructure such as roads and communication lines exist, there are also banks, but it stalled due to lack of effective demand. Thus, government action to increase Effective Demand, as suggested by the theory of Keynes soon managed to increase production without causing inflation.

Such a situation should not be equated with the situation in Indonesia and other developing countries. Our production is still low, not because of lack of demand (demand side), but because of structural weaknesses (in terms of supply): lack of expertise, lack of infrastructure, lack of industry, and so forth. Similarly, the nature of unemployment is different. Unemployment in Indonesia is not first nature "konjunktural" (for lack of or fluctuations in demand efektit), but structural (as indeed lack of employment opportunities). Such a situation can not be dealt with on a "home add efektit demand" only. For each additional effective demand (entaih of public finance, from export credit from abroad, or from the expansion of bank credit) to immediately contain the danger of rising prices, not because demand is so excessive, but because of the increase of production (output) lags or less rapidly with increase demand for it, so because of the constraints in the production sector. When the disease is different, obatnyapun be different.

Economic or political policy of economic (economic policy), which means that the actions taken or being taken by the government in order to regulate the national economic life in order to achieve certain goals. The goals would be achieved have been set by the deputies in the Assembly, the House and poured in GBHN, which can be summarized in the "development trilogy": stability, economic growth and equity.

Coment :

Concrete problems encountered in the political economy is that these goals can be achieved not necessarily together. Because often times the effort to achieve a goal more or less forced to sacrifice other goals. For example, to create jobs will need to invest in large numbers. But massive investments easily lead to inflation and aggravating the balance of payments as imports increase. Similarly, efforts to stabilize rice prices are often contrary to efforts to promote agriculture and the equitable distribution of income for farmers. To meet the challenges it is necessary discretion.

Supermarkets

Supermarkets Some supermarkets are enormous these days. Supermarkets come with aisles of different kinds of food and products. For example, you can find fifteen to twenty different kinds of cheese in the dairy section. You can find many different brands of toilet tissue in the paper products section. The frozen food section has everything from cans of frozen apple juice to bags of mixed vegetables and frozen pizza. Many supermarkets also have a big health care products aisle. This section is like a small drugstore, with different brands of medicines, shampoos, toothpastes, and other health care items. Some supermarkets even sell something else, such as magazines, books, shoes, underwear, gardening tools, and other household products. Here you can also use your card in money machines to take money out of your bank. Shoppers in many supermarkets can buy snacks and cold drinks from vending machines. In some places, tired and hungry shoppers can sit down and enjoy a fresh cup of coffe and a donut at a supermarket snack bar or coffe shop. Supermarkets with their variety of products and services are more popular today.
 1. The dairy section provides …
a. a variety of frozen juice
b. many kinds of cheese
c. a wide selection of vegetables
d. many brands of toilet tissue

2. The health care products aisle in a supermarkets has …
 a. Items you can find in a drugstore
b. Everything you can find in stores
c. Medicine only
d. Snacks and drinks

3. At many supermarkets, you can …
a. Watch movies
b. Take money out of your bank account
c. Find smaller grocery stores
d. Read magazines or newspapers

4. Many supermarkets have vending machines for people who…
a. Are tired
b. Want to sit down
c. Are exhausted
d. Are hungry or thirsty

 5. The word “you” refers to …
a. The writer
b. The shoppers
c. The sellers
d. The readers

6. How many sections in supermarkets are mentioned in the text? There are …
a. Two
b. Four
c. Three
d. Five

7. Shoppers enjoy snacks and drinks in …
a. Supermarkets
b. Frozen food section
c. a cafeteria
d. a snack bar

 8. The following statements are correct, except …
 a. Supermarket are less known because of their variety of products and services
b. There are money machines in supermarket
c. A health care products section is similar to a drugstore
 d. You can find butter in a dairy section

 9. The purpose of the text is …
a. To describe something in general
b. To tell the events
c. To describe a particular thing
d. To amuse the readers

10. The structure of the text is …
 a. General classification – identification
b. Identification – description
c. Orientation – events (1,2) –re- orientation
d. General classification-description

Strategi for TOEFL iBT Listening Section

TOEFL iBT Listening section is delivered immediately after the Reading section. The Listening section of TOEFL iBT measures your ability to understand spoken English in academic settings. In TOEFL iBT the listening is done for 3 major purposes:
1. Listening for basic comprehension.
2. Listening for pragmatic understanding.
3. To connect and combine ideas presented in multiple information sources.
Each part of the Listening section (2 or 3 parts) consists of 1 long conversation and two lectures. The test takers hear each lecture or conversation only once. Lectures and conversations are 3-5 minutes long. During the listening the time is not running. The allotted time of 10 minutes for each part is only for answering the questions.
Preparation Strategies
Listen to spoken English from multiple sources as much as possible. Listen to English spoken movies and English spoken TV channels, listen to the radio and as many other listening sources as you may find. It would be better if your passages are academic or close to what is in TOEFL iBT. The more you practice listening, the better listener you will become.
Listen for the main idea . It is usually found at the beginning of the listening passages, while the details are dispersed throughout the lecture. The main idea will give you understanding of what the conversation/lecture is about. Then you may listen for details.
Learn to find how the ideas are presented in the listening passage. Some of the main relations between ideas include cause/effect, compare/contrast, and steps in a process.
Learn to listen for signal words that indicate different part of the passage - introduction, major steps, examples, conclusions, etc.
Build your vocabulary . While listening, try to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words from context. It is very important since there is a big chance to come across words you don't know at the real test. Then, you should guess their meaning. Write down every word you don't know and include it in your wordlist.Try to memorize it and use it in your speaking and writing. Flashcards could be a great way to improve your vocabulary.
Listen to conversations or lectures with variety of accents . In TOEFL iBT Listening section there is a variety of accents and pronunciations. For this reason, you should practice listening to a people with different accents and pronunciation patterns.
Practice note-taking . Note-taking is allowed during all sections of TOEFL iBT. Effective note-taking may highly improve your performance. It is almost impossible to memorize all clues and details provided in the Listening section. Moreover, you can hear the passages ONLY ONCE. Therefore, to answer the questions you have to rely on what you remember from the passage and your notes. See also our Effective Note-Taking Strategies.
Summarize in writing what you have heard , using your notes. Thus, you will learn to find the purpose and main idea of the listening, and also the most important details. You will also learn to take and use notes. It also helps in improving your writing skills.
Familiarize yourself with the type of questions in TOEFL iBT. Make sure that during the preparation you learn what answers are required by the different types of question. Some questions may ask you to provide two answers, others to click in a chart box. If you are familiar with the question types, you may save important time.
At the exam strategies
Forget about the Reading section . Now it is time to fully concentrate on the Listening section.
The clock is ticking only when you are answering the questions and not when you are listening to the passages. So, when you listen, forget about the clock .
Prepare for note-taking . Before the section starts, write down the words 'main idea', 'major points', and 'important details'. Under which word you will place your notes from the listening passage.
Do not be distracted by the speaker's accent, speaking style and delivery. Focus on the content and flow of information the speaker(s) deliver.
Listen to find clues that will help you understand what the speaker's purpose, attitude and degree of certainty is. Listen for words that show relationship between ideas.
Pay attention to the visual materials . Some of the visual materials in the Listening section bring important information. Blackboards show important words or phrases that are discussed during the lecture. Illustrations and graphics support the information presented in the lecture. They are available only when the lecturer refers to them.
Answering is different . In the Listening section you may not return to the previous questions to correct your answers. Nevertheless, you have to confirm twice that you want to move to the next question. First, when you provide your answer you have to press the NEXT button. After pressing the NEXT button you may alter you answer. To move to the next question you have to press OK button.Sometimes test takers forget this and lose important time. Please, set your mind that you have to press two buttons.
Take a guess . There is no penalty for an incorrect answer in TOEFL iBT. It doesn't bring any points. If you see you are running out of time, just take a guess and mark answers for all remaining questions. There is 25 % chance to guess the right answer.

What Problems are Found in the TOEFL Listening
1. Forget the time in answering
2. Not focus on the question
3. Hear the same vocabulary words for example house-horse

Toefl "soal structure"

1. The flexibility of film allows the artist __________ unbridled imagination to the animation of cartoon characters.
(A) to bring
(B) bringing
(C) is brought
(D) brings

2. Traditionally, __________in New England on Thanksgiving Day.
(A) when served is sweet cider
(B) when sweet cider is served
(C) is served sweet cider
(D) sweet cider is served

3. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent __________, or pronghorn.
(A) it is the American antelope
(B) the American antelope is
(C) is the American antelope
(D) the American antelope

4. Lillian D. Wald, public health nurse and __________, was born in Cincinnati Ohio, in 1867.
(A) reforming society
(B) social reformer
(C) who reformed society
(D) her social reform

5. Copper sulfate, spread in judicious amounts, kills algae __________ harming fish or aquatic invert-ebrates.
(A) does not
(B) but does no
(C) except
(D) without
6. Of the millions who saw Haley’s comet in 1986, how many people __________long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.
(A) will they live
(B) they will be living
(C) will live
(D) living

7. __________that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.
(A) Anthropologists have discovered
(B) Anthropologists discovering
(C) The discovery by anthropologists
(D) Discovered by anthropologists

8.In 1964__________of Henry Ossawa Tanner’s paintings was shown at the Smithsonian Institution.
(A) was a major collection
(B) that a major collection
(C) a collection was major
(D) a major collection

9. __________irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.
(A) Its
(B) Where its
(C) Since its
(D) Because of its

10.In order to remain in existence,__________must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.
(A) a profit-making organization
(B) a profit-making organization which
(C) therefore a profit-making organization
(D) whichever a profit-making organization

11.The greater the population there is in a locality,__________for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.
(A) the greater the need there is
(B) greater need
(C) is there great need
(D) the great need

12. A historical novel may do more than mirror history; __________future events.
(A) even influencing
(B) it may even influence
(C) may even influence
(D) that it may even influence

13. __________a child, sculptor Anne Whitney showed an eager intellect and artistic talent that her parents recognized and encouraged.
(A) Has been
(B) It was while
(C) She was
(D) As

14. It is widely believed that the pull of gravity on a falling raindrop changes__________round shape into a teardrop shape.
(A) of the drop
(B) the drop’s
(C) drop of
(D) drops their

15.__________modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
(A) If
(B) But
(C) With
(D) Once

16. Not woman held a presidential cabinet position in the United States until 1933, when Frances Perkins became secretary of labor.

17. The human body relies on certainty nutrients for its survival.

18. Too much electric current may flow into a circuit as a result either of a fault in the circuit and of an outside event such as lightning.

19. The Appalachian Trail, extending approximately 2,020 miles from Maine to Georgia, is the longer continuous marked footpath in the world.

20. For years, elephants were hunted for food and ivory, and as a result theirs numbers have been greatly reduced.

21. Barges which carrier most of the heavy freight on rivers and canals are usually propelled by towing.

22. Although afflicted by serious eyesight problems, Alicia Alonso was one the principal stars of the American Ballet Theater and later formed her own dance company.

23. The ritual combat of animals are triggered by precise signals.

24. It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effective than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.

25. Different species of octopuses may measure anywhere from two inches to over thirty feet in long.

Sang Penghibur "Padi"

setiap perkataan yang menjatuhkan
tak lagi ku dengar dengan sungguh
juga tutur kata yang mencela
tak lagi ku cerna dalam jiwa
aku bukanlah seorang yang mengerti
tentang kelihaian membaca hati
ku hanya pemimpi kecil yang berangan
tuk merubah nasibnya

oh.. bukankah ku pernah melihat bintang
senyum menghiasi sang malam
yang berkilau bagai permata
menghibur yang lelah jiwanya
yang sedih hatinya
yang lelah jiwanya
yang sedih hatinya

ku gerakkan langkah kaki
di mana tempat akan bertumbuh
ku layangkan jauh mata memandang
tuk melanjutkan mimpi yang terutuh
masih ku coba mengejar rinduku
meski peluh membasahi tangan
lelah penat tak menghalangiku
menemukan bahagia

bukankah ku pernah melihat bintang
senyum menghiasi sang malam
yang berkilau bagai permata
menghibur yang lelah jiwanya
yang sedih hatinya
yang lelah jiwanya
yang sedih hatinya
yang lelah jiwanya
oo..
bukankah ku bisa melihat bintang
senyum menghiasi sang malam
yang berkilau bagai permata
menghibur yang lelah jiwanya

bukankah hidup ada penghentian
tak harus kencang terus berlari
ku helakan nafas panjang
tuk siap berlari kembali
berlari kembali..
melangkahkan kaki
menuju cahaya
bagai bintang yang bersinar
menghibur yang lelah jiwanya
bagai bintang yang berpijar
menghibur yang sedih hatinya